Negative factors reverse the direction of a segment to opposite side from the center. Factors greater than 1 will stretch the segment, factors from 0 to 1 are shrinking this segment. Once chosen, to construct an image of any point on a plane as a result of this transformation, we have to connect a center of scaling with our point and stretch or shrink this segment by a scaling factor, leaving the center of scaling in place. You need to choose two parameters - (a) center of scaling and (b) factor of scaling. Once chosen, to construct an image of any point on a plane as a result of this transformation, we have to drop a perpendicular from our point onto an axis of reflection and extend it to the other side of the plane beyond this axis by the same distance. You need to choose only one parameter - the axis (or line) of reflection. Once chosen, to construct an image of any point on a plane as a result of this transformation, we have to connect a center of rotation by a vector with our point and then rotate this vector around a center of rotation by an angle congruent to a chosen angle of rotation. The center of rotation is assumed to be the origin, unless stated otherwise. You need to choose two parameters: (a) center of rotation - a fixed point on a plane and (b) angle of rotation. A rotation turns a figure through an angle about a fixed point called the center. Once chosen, to construct an image of any point on a plane as a result of this transformation, we have to draw a line from this point parallel to a vector of translation and, in the same direction as chosen on the vector, move a point along this line by a chosen length. These two parameters can be combined in one concept of a vector. You need to choose two parameters: (a) direction of the translation (straight line with a chosen direction) and (b) length of the shift (scalar).
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